Information system Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Information system Master - Essay Example We will focus on how information system works in a dynamic and turbulent environment and how it helps in the development of strategic, tactical and operation system of organizations. Moreover, we will give a glimpse of different information systems that are used like executive information systems, management information systems, risk management systems etc. In modern organizations it is very important that technology works according to the needs of the people and it works on continuous basis ensuring reliability and effectiveness. Information systems collaborate with the managers and play an important role in implementing proper technology in the organizations (Ralf, 2009). Information systems help in every aspect like creating a business plan, generation of formal reports, maintaining databases, preparing accounts etc. Decision making is the utmost task of every manager and the information system helps a lot in developing a proper and a formal decision making process (Alter, 2002). Usually the information flow from top to bottom or from bottom to top and in most of the organizations the information is managed by information management systems. Since, the decision making process is an important practice in every organization and information system provides with the decision makers with information in the form of reports, researches and huge amounts of data is compressed into shorter forms and this helps the mangers to take decisions. System generated reports are widely used by all departments and it makes the work easier for managers. The flow of information is used by managers for the decision making process and the information systems mentors the information and make sure that it will flow smoothly and will not affect the decision making process. Managers on the other hand higher professionals that can manage the flow of information and they must know that how the information in flowing in the organization. Usually the information flows from the top management to the down line workers, but in certain organization the flow of information is from down line workers to the top management and actually the flow of information varies from organization to organization. Managers of information system and the computers plan research and coordinate the computer related activities of the organization. They coordinate with each other and determine technical and organizational goals. Although this requires a proper and strong understanding of the computer systems and the technology but formal reports and detailed information can be stored and developed and can easily be presented to the top management for the purpose of decision making. Information systems are also related to the hardware and the networking side but the core purpose is related to the management side only. The needs of the organization are identified at all levels and utmost importance is given to operational and strategic perspective. Competition is also kept in mind and that's why information systems are equipped with the state of the art technology to ensure that the organization won't lag behind its competitors. An information system

Vancouver Olympic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Vancouver Olympic - Essay Example According to Participation Agreement, the city accepted to be the host city and proceeded with the bid (Larry, Para 1-2). In December 1998, the Canadian Olympic Committee approved the Vancouver bid and agreed upon its representation Canada in the international bidding competition to host the 2010 Olympic Games. The Bid City Agreement was signed by the City, the COA and the bid group. The Bid City Agreement allowed the City to present its bid before the International Olympic Committee and established some roles and the responsibilities for all the parties in presenting the Bid. It also included intellectual property matters like copyright and trademarks, expenses, marketing, community consultation, the signing of the IOC Host City Agreement and operation of the Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games. The conditions of the Bid City Agreement need the City to work with the COC just to make sure that all features of the bid are covered and they are in compliance with the provisions of the Olympic Charter (Larry, Para 3). Initial Cost of Vancouver's Bid: The budget of the Bid Corporation for this bid was Can$34 million and of this total amount the Province of British Colu... Public corporation contributed 54 percent of the bid and private companies offered 46 percent of the funding. Contributing Factors: Hosting the Olympics in Vancouver and Whistler will affect the economy of the Province of British Columbia. Positive outcomes have been understood more important than the negatives for hosting the games. This point of view became very helpful for BC economy of the period around 2002 when the Canadian Dollar was weaker than the American Dollar. The time when Vancouver was selected as host city it was considered as capable as boosting the economy and increasing the tourism. Since then the Canadian Dollar has become stronger than American Dollar and tourism is expected to be lower as it will be very costly to come to Canada and spend in Canadian Dollars (Jay and Adam, Para 2). Motivation: The BC Government has created a favorable opinion of the games in the public eye. The government has guaranteed an economic boom following the games. It is expected that provincial growth will be approximately in between 0.9 and 1.2% per year from 2005 to 2011 (Derek, 2005, Para 1). Announcements have been made regarding the budget of the games and about its expected overall profit. It also has been claimed that there will be approximately 5600 new full time jobs, which will be created directly by the Games. The problem with the claims is that the government has speculated that Vancouver and Whistler areas would not be visited by the tourists if there were no Olympics and the jobs which are created by the Games would not be filled up by the workers and there would be unemployment, which seems to be wrong because there would certainly be large number of tourists and the unemployment rate in Vancouver area is one of the lowest in the

Mango Essential Oil in the Food Industry

Mango Essential Oil in the Food Industry Background of study Mango is one of the tropical fruits that grow seasonally. It has unique fragrance and flavor and often labeled as super fruit (Mounica Subbiah, 2014). It is the most sowed fruit with over 2,000 varieties and natively found in India. Great numbers of varieties are differing with respect to crop, pulp, colour of skin, flavor and aroma of the fruit. Therefore, it become one of the most popular tropical fruit in Southeast Asia (Fernando, Perà ©z-Sarià ±ana Bianca, Sergio, Eapen, Sebastian, 2014). Mango also become the national fruit for India and national tree for Bangladesh (bdnews24.com, 2010). Mango is scientifically known as Mangifera with diverse species under family of Anacardiaceae (Softusvista, 2015). It has 69 species with Mangifera as one of the genus. Examples of Mangifera species are Mangifera indica which is the common mango, Mangifera foetida (bacang or machang) and Mangifera odorata (kuini). The highest number of Mangifera species is cultivated in Asia where Malaysia, Borneo and Sumatra have the highest number of species of Mangifera (Morton, 1987). There is hundreds of Mangifera cultivar and it is cultivated in warm and subtropical country such as India. The cultivation of Mangifera must be propagated and it often crossed to improve pollination (Allen, 2006). Mangifera cultivar is Mangifera indica species that is planted from variety of sources such as seed or bulb of plant and sometimes been called by other name. There are many Mangifera indica cultivar in Malaysia such as Mangifera indica cultivar Lemak Manis and Mangifera indica cultivar Mas Hitam. Mangifera   species is differentiated by its aroma. It shows that each Mangifera species has different aroma where the aroma of Mangifera may give different major chemical constituent. The Mangifera species is hardly found around the year and it can be season fruit such as Mangifera foetida mostly fruiting around March to April after drought season (Litz, 2009). There are many scientific researches on essential oil of mango and it gives different results depending on the varieties and species of mango. Previous reported that Green Thai Mangifera indica cultivar Khieo Sawoei has distinctive odor which calculated by odor unit value (Uo). it shows that the odor is cause by high percentag e of 2,4-decadienal in its peel and hexanal in its pulp (Tamura, Boonbumrung, Yoshizawa, Varanyanond, 2001). Another report verified the presence of terpenes hydrocarbons in yellow-red colour of 20 cultivars Mangifera indica L. (Pino, Mesa, Munoz, Pilar-Marti, Marbot, 2005). The natural oil used can be essential oil which is essential oil that has fragrance and usually extracted from plants for soothing and healing and cosmetic proposes (Press, 2015). Essential oil is usually used for aromatherapy where it helps physical well-being and psychology of person. Aromatherapy is the practice of using the natural oil that is extracted from plants flower, peel, pulp, bark leaves or roots. It is an alternative method for healing purpose and promotes health properties (Aromatherapy.com, 2010). Aromatherapy can be used by any method such as inhalation, massage or water immersion to stimulate response (Department of Health Human Services, 2015). It is said that some essential oil shows some anti-microbial activity, antiviral, antioxidants and anti-diabetic agents. It also demonstrate some potency against bacterial, fungal and viral infections (Edris, 2007). There are many types of extraction method to extract the essential oil from plants especially. It can be distillation method or expression method. The most common method is distillation method where it consist of many types of distillation which are water distillation, water and steam distillation and steam distillation. The extraction method used in his project is water distillation method or hydro-distillation method (BetterHealth, 1999). Medical fields today have developed many kinds of drugs medicine to cure various types of diseases such as paracetamol to reduce fever and acetylcysteine to loosen thick mucus (Drugs.com, 2015). Alternative medicine has become popular as diseases treatment.Example of alternative medicine is acupuncture, homeopathy and aromatherapy (Sampson, 1995). The gist in this project is to elevate aromatherapy as alternative medicine and for flavoring. 1.2 Problem Statement Mangifera indica species and its cultivars have different aroma and they may have different chemical constituent for each cultivar. However, only small number of different cultivar has been studied with respect to its chemical constituent. Previous reports on extraction of essential oil in Mangifera cultivar such as M.indica cultivar Chokanan, M.indica cultivar Falan and M.indica cultivar Water Lily was reported in Malaysia. Some authors stated that chemical constituents of essential oil from Mangifera may have terpenes hydrocarbon and alpha-caryophyllene but it might have different chemical constituent for ripe fruit with green peel and yellow pulp of Mangifera cultivar found in Malaysia. In past study, the Green Thai Khoei Sawoi has shown ÃŽÂ ³-terpinene and ÃŽÂ ²-ocimene as major chemical constituents for ripe fruit with green peel (Tamura et al., 2001). However the major compound is different when it is a ripe fruit with yellow peel. The peel essential oil from yellow Mangi fera indica cultivar Zebdeya, Hindi and Cobaneya shows different major compound which are à Ã†â€™-3-carene, ÃŽÂ ±-terpinolene and caryophyllene (El-Hawary Rabeh, 2014). Therefore the present study focus on comparison of chemical constituent of volatile oil between different Mangifera indica cultivar and other Mangifera species with green peel found in Malaysia which are M. indica cultivar Chokanan, M. indica cultivar Falan, M. indica cultivar King, M. indica cultivar Lemak Manis, M. indica cultivar Mas Hitam, and Mangifera odorata. 1.3 Significance of Study Mangoes have a lot of aromatic components that can be extracted using hydro-distillation method. Besides contributing to the body of knowledge, the essential oil of mango in this project can contribute to flavor. This study is beneficial in food processed industry where fruit flavor has become important quality that influence consumer acceptance. Different variety of essential oil from Mangifera species can also be commercialized for its aromatherapy purposes. They have different major chemical constituent in it let alone from its peel or pulp.   

New Yorks Governments Response to Influenza Outbreak :: Journalism Media Studies Spanish Flu Essays

New York's Government's Response to Influenza Outbreak NEW YORK CITY (September 22):--Forty-three new cases of Spanish influenza were reported yesterday throughout the greatly afflicted state of New York. Of these new cases, eighteen were in Brooklyn, three were reported in the Bronx, eighteen in Manhattan, and four were reported in Queens. There appears to be little progress for New Yorkers and East Coast Americans in general, in their attempt to quell the spread of the disease. As such, public fears continue to be heightened by a steady increase in the number of both the infected and the deceased persons who have been subjected to this outbreak of Spanish influenza. In response to this latest outbreak, the United States government has been monitoring the increasingly grave statistics that have been pouring into the national office of the Public Health Department. 1 United States Surgeon General Blue, an obviously key figure in the American government's attempt to treat and eradicate the influenza, informed reporters yesterday that a more stringent plan for combating the disease had become necessary and that therefore he was announcing the immediate implementation of such a plan. Said the Surgeon General, "The people of New York are in great need of further assistance than that which local authorities are currently capable of providing. Hospitals throughout the state are inadequately staffed for the huge number of patients they are receiving, and as such many a hospital is filled beyond capacity with countless influenza patients. We as a government must take stronger measures to inform the public of the dangers of Spanish Influenza, instruct them as to how to decrease their risk of contracting the illness, and must also allocate more funds to the U.S. Health Department so that it may better aid New York's overworked medical staffs." 2 The Surgeon General next proceeded to caution the public against falling victim to mass hysteria over the currently rampant influenza scare. When asked by a local reporter as to whether U.S. scientists were making any progress in determining the cause of the current outbreak, Surgeon General Blue was quick to acknowledge the fact that many cultures from influenza patients are currently being studied in various laboratories throughout the United States. More significantly, the Surgeon General announced that a new microorganism had recently been discovered, which scientists hope will prove to be the culprit for the U.

The Simpsons

The Simpson or any other cultural reference, illustrate an application of the type of failure you have chosen. You may not choose the applications provided In the lecture notes or shown in class. Comment on ways that society attempts to Meltzer or eliminate the type of failure you have chosen. The Course Work project Is due to be handed up to me In my office on Thursday the 12th of January, 2012 between pm and pm. All parts carry equal marks. Word Count is a maximum of 1500 words. Please submit 2 typed copies. Assignment should be stapled in the top left-hand corner with no other binding or covers. The cover page should Include the name of the author, Student number, the type of failure you are examining, and an exact word count. Ensure the work of others is appropriately acknowledged.This assignment accounts for 8. 3% of your overall mark in ICE 104. If you fail to follow these guidelines your assignment will not be accepted. Department of Economics Policy for Missed Coursework and Late Submission The Department to Economics seeks to operate a Atari policy tort all students attending in-class examinations on specified dates and submitting assignments on time. A fair policy starts with recognizing the consideration due to students who meet these requirements. 1. Missing In-Class Examination: 1 . A zero mark will be assigned where an in-class examination is missed without remission being granted. . Permission for Absence is only granted in exceptional circumstances (see point 3 below). 2. Late Submission of Assignments: 3. To be fair to students meeting deadlines, a penalty will be implemented for the late submission of an assignment. Where work is submitted up to and including 7 days late, 10% of the total marks available shall be deducted from the mark achieved. Where work is submitted up to and including 14 days late, 20% of the total marks available shall be deducted from the mark achieved. Work submitted 15 days late or more shall be assigned a zero mark.Wh ere feedback on assignments has been given by lecturers before this 2 week period, the lecturers will indicate the final date for the late submission, after which a zero mark is assigned. Please note the following: Saturday and Sunday count as 2 days. Late submission of assignments to either your lecturer or Student Services in the Department, can only take place during normal office hours (I. E. 9. 15-4. 30 Monday to Friday). Assignments will only be accepted when a Student Declaration form is signed and stamped by a member of the Department. 4. Assignments that are put under the door of the lecturer orStudent Services will not be accepted until students sign the declaration form and it is stamped by a member of the Department. Permission for an Extension is only granted in exceptional circumstances (see point 3 below). 3. Exceptional Circumstances 5. Permission for absence from in-class examinations or assignments and permission for extensions for assignments will only be granted in exceptional circumstances (I. E. Relevant illness, bereavement or other extenuating circumstances – please note holidays in term are not classified as extenuating circumstances).Medical certificates must be submitted to Student Services in advance of the examination date/assignment deadline if possible or, at the latest, within 2 weeks of the deadline. Medical certificates will only be accepted after 2 weeks if an explanation is provided. Medical Certificates will not be accepted if your lecturer has given feedback on assignments. You are advised that, if necessary, your medical advisor may be asked to clarify your certificate. 6. The Examinations Committee of the Department of Economics will consider applications for permission for absences and extensions within 1 week of application.Where permission for absence is ranted, the mark achieved for the subject in the Summer Examination (or equivalent) will be awarded for the missed in-class examination or assignment. For exam ple, where a module has a course work component consisting of two in-class examinations counting tort each (I. E. Summer Examination; 2 coursework) and, due to exceptional circumstances, you are granted permission for absence from one in-class examination, your final mark will be based on 90% for the Summer Examination mark and 10% for the coursework component attempted. For some postgraduate modules and for the following undergraduate modules: (Checks,Checks, Checks, Checks and Checks) the Examinations Committee may, where possible, arrange for an equivalent piece of coursework to be submitted. 7. Permission for absence is not granted for assignments (save in exceptional circumstances). An extension may be granted. The period of extension is normally 2 weeks. Where an extension for an assignment is granted, penalties for late submission will not apply for the period of the extension. Student Services http://www. USC. IEEE/USC/depth/economics/seductiveness's/suffice/index. HTML Mond ay to Friday 9. 15-1. 00; and 2. 10- 4. Pm. Room 1. 02, Arras-An-Alai The Simpsons The Simpson or any other cultural reference, illustrate an application of the type of failure you have chosen. You may not choose the applications provided In the lecture notes or shown in class. Comment on ways that society attempts to Meltzer or eliminate the type of failure you have chosen. The Course Work project Is due to be handed up to me In my office on Thursday the 12th of January, 2012 between pm and pm. All parts carry equal marks. Word Count is a maximum of 1500 words. Please submit 2 typed copies. Assignment should be stapled in the top left-hand corner with no other binding or covers. The cover page should Include the name of the author, Student number, the type of failure you are examining, and an exact word count. Ensure the work of others is appropriately acknowledged.This assignment accounts for 8. 3% of your overall mark in ICE 104. If you fail to follow these guidelines your assignment will not be accepted. Department of Economics Policy for Missed Coursework and Late Submission The Department to Economics seeks to operate a Atari policy tort all students attending in-class examinations on specified dates and submitting assignments on time. A fair policy starts with recognizing the consideration due to students who meet these requirements. 1. Missing In-Class Examination: 1 . A zero mark will be assigned where an in-class examination is missed without remission being granted. . Permission for Absence is only granted in exceptional circumstances (see point 3 below). 2. Late Submission of Assignments: 3. To be fair to students meeting deadlines, a penalty will be implemented for the late submission of an assignment. Where work is submitted up to and including 7 days late, 10% of the total marks available shall be deducted from the mark achieved. Where work is submitted up to and including 14 days late, 20% of the total marks available shall be deducted from the mark achieved. Work submitted 15 days late or more shall be assigned a zero mark.Wh ere feedback on assignments has been given by lecturers before this 2 week period, the lecturers will indicate the final date for the late submission, after which a zero mark is assigned. Please note the following: Saturday and Sunday count as 2 days. Late submission of assignments to either your lecturer or Student Services in the Department, can only take place during normal office hours (I. E. 9. 15-4. 30 Monday to Friday). Assignments will only be accepted when a Student Declaration form is signed and stamped by a member of the Department. 4. Assignments that are put under the door of the lecturer orStudent Services will not be accepted until students sign the declaration form and it is stamped by a member of the Department. Permission for an Extension is only granted in exceptional circumstances (see point 3 below). 3. Exceptional Circumstances 5. Permission for absence from in-class examinations or assignments and permission for extensions for assignments will only be granted in exceptional circumstances (I. E. Relevant illness, bereavement or other extenuating circumstances – please note holidays in term are not classified as extenuating circumstances).Medical certificates must be submitted to Student Services in advance of the examination date/assignment deadline if possible or, at the latest, within 2 weeks of the deadline. Medical certificates will only be accepted after 2 weeks if an explanation is provided. Medical Certificates will not be accepted if your lecturer has given feedback on assignments. You are advised that, if necessary, your medical advisor may be asked to clarify your certificate. 6. The Examinations Committee of the Department of Economics will consider applications for permission for absences and extensions within 1 week of application.Where permission for absence is ranted, the mark achieved for the subject in the Summer Examination (or equivalent) will be awarded for the missed in-class examination or assignment. For exam ple, where a module has a course work component consisting of two in-class examinations counting tort each (I. E. Summer Examination; 2 coursework) and, due to exceptional circumstances, you are granted permission for absence from one in-class examination, your final mark will be based on 90% for the Summer Examination mark and 10% for the coursework component attempted. For some postgraduate modules and for the following undergraduate modules: (Checks,Checks, Checks, Checks and Checks) the Examinations Committee may, where possible, arrange for an equivalent piece of coursework to be submitted. 7. Permission for absence is not granted for assignments (save in exceptional circumstances). An extension may be granted. The period of extension is normally 2 weeks. Where an extension for an assignment is granted, penalties for late submission will not apply for the period of the extension. Student Services http://www. USC. IEEE/USC/depth/economics/seductiveness's/suffice/index. HTML Mond ay to Friday 9. 15-1. 00; and 2. 10- 4. Pm. Room 1. 02, Arras-An-Alai

Personal Ethics Statement Essay

As nurses we often find ourselves trapped in the center of ethical dilemmas between physicians, patients, family members, co-workers, and employers. In ethical dilemma our ethical values and ethical behavior guide us to provide the best care to our patients. In this paper I will define ethics value, my ethical values, and how did I developed them. Also, I will discuss how my ethical values have significant positive impact on my life, and ethical behavior that I want to develop in future. According to, Guido ethics involves the principles or assumptions reinforcement the approach individuals or groups ought to conduct themselves; ethics is concerned with motives and attitudes and the relationship of these attitudes to the individual (2010). My belief is ethical person as one with sound character traits and habits of thoughtful reflection who seeks justice and fundamental fairness in the community. Those who demonstrate strong leadership in their roles and give everyone in the community, especially those without power, a chance to succeed exemplify ethical behavior. These ethical values person develops from surrounding environment, people, and from life experience. Personal Ethical Values I chose two ethical values from relationship and reputation lenses. Those values serve as the foundation for my life and these values includes; honesty, and respect for others and self. The honesty value I developed from my parents during the childhood age. I remember my father was used to ask us how I am doing in school, and he always wanted to listen the truth from my face, even the school grads are not great, because he wanted me to be honest in all the circumstances. This ethical value helps to make good decision in  different circumstances. Respect others ethical value I developed during school age from my teacher. My teacher was always used to give example how I can develop good relationship and good reputation by respecting others. These ethical values provide guidelines, framework, and tools to identifying, pursuing and achieving goals (Judson & Harrison, 2010). In addition these values help me to maintain interpersonal relationship with my patients and co-workers, decision making, problem solving, and in conflicts resolution in personal and professional life. For example, patient has a right to get quality care and my responsibility is to provide care honestly that I promised before take that patient to the operating room. As an operating room nurse I always try to maintain safe surgery environment to prevent infection when patient is under surgery. These efforts include I make sure; patient understand the risks of the surgery, provide sterile instruments or implants, make sure no one in operating room is breaking the sterile field. This ethical value gives me self-satisfaction, self respect because my efforts were able to make change in someone’s life. My second ethical value is respect others, during my nursing practice I always try to provide the nursing care with dignity and respect for all type of patients; includes handicap, bed ridden, and older, young, conscious, and unconscious patients. This ethical value helps me to maintain good relationship, team player with my patient or patient family, and my co-workers that give me self satisfaction. Ethical Aspirations The ethical value I wants to develop in future is patient advocacy, because I live in multicultural society, where is a need to understand different cultures and values, so I can provide cultural competent care to my patients. Conclusion In conclusion, my ethical values and behavior help me in personal and professional life, and these values have positive impact on my life. I am exciting to learn about different new culture and their believe for further improvement in my nursing carrier. References Guido, G. W. (2010). Legal & ethical issues in nursing (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Judson, K., & Harrison, C. (2010). Law & ethics for medical careers (5th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Ideas for Fun Dates for College Students

Ideas for Fun Dates for College Students Being in college doesnt mean youre limited with ideas for fun dates. Even though finding the money, getting off campus, and being alone can seem complicated, these fun date ideas are easy to plan and enjoy. Mix up the dinner-and-a-movie tradition. Sure, dinner and a movie can be fun but it can also be expensive. Consider mixing it up by doing breakfast, brunch, or lunch and a movie. Youll save money on lunch vs. dinner and a matinee vs. a late night show. Additionally, you can still enjoy the rest of the day ... with each other, too, if things go well. Head to a museum with an interesting exhibit. Youre both in college, meaning you both like to learn new things. Head to a museum with a new and interesting exhibit. Youll have time to talk and hang out while also doing something fun and relaxing. Think small and head to a concert. Tickets for your girlfriends/boyfriends favorite band are perhaps out of your budget. Instead, find a local band playing somewhere nearby. Youll have a more intimate experience, get to hear some great music, and still have a fun night out. Go for a classic at a not-so-classic place. Heading out for a nice dinner is a timeless date idea, but paying for a super nice meal often isnt in a college students budget. Instead, mix it up by heading to a hole-in-the-wall place or even to a place that serves cuisine that is new for both of you. Youll have fun while exploring something new together. Do something your date is really into. Is your date really into dancing, for example? Consider heading to a dance troupe performance or even doing a one-time lesson of a kind of dance he or she has never done. Do something youre really into. Conversely, you might be really into something youre date has never experienced. If, for example, youre really into astronomy, consider taking your date out to a planetarium or even somewhere where you can show him or her your knowledge of the constellations once the stars come out. Do something new to both of you. Never taken a cooking class? A kayaking class? Sign up for a local (and usually cheap!) class that offers a one-time session for an hour or two. Youll have fun, learn something new, and definitely have something to laugh about later. Head to a farmers market. Farmers markets are nearly everywhere these days. Even if you dont have anything specific to buy (or a kitchen to store a ton of veggies in), the trip to the market, the time you spend walking around, and the conversation you can have about all the different foods, arts and crafts, etc., are all perfect ingredients for a fun date. Go see a musical, play, performance, etc., off campus. Even if youre at a huge public university, chances are youll see someone one or both of you knows. Head off campus for some kind of show to make sure your date, well, really feels like a date. Do something physical if you both like being active. If both of you enjoy being active, dont be afraid to incorporate that into a date. You can go for a hike, volunteer somewhere, or otherwise do something fun and engaging outdoors.

Can Child Labour Be A Necessary Evil Young People Essay Essays

Can Child Labour Be A Necessary Evil Young People Essay Essays Can Child Labour Be A Necessary Evil Young People Essay Essay Can Child Labour Be A Necessary Evil Young People Essay Essay Now yearss, the composite and cosmopolitan job of kid labour have become a rough world pulling world-wide attending. The prevalence of child labor is economically unsound, psychologically black and physically every bit good as morally unsafe. No uncertainty, labor is worship but child labor in unsafe and a smudge on the scruples of society. It is a sad matter that child labor is deprived of his vernal life, instruction and therefore chances of higher degree of life. Child labour perpetuates poorness, it does non cut down it as it condemns one coevals after another to its barbarous circle. Child labour injuries the advancement and prosperity of a state. Throwing visible radiation on this fact, John has justly said, Starve a kid of nutrient, of fondness, of freedom, of instruction and you produce an grownup who is stunted as an single and holds back advancement and development instead than speed up it . Our state is besides confronting this critical job of kid labour. A broad fluctuation is seen in the appraisal of child labour in state. Harmonizing to 1971, 1981 and 1991 nose count of India, the figure of working kids accounted for 10.74 million, 13.60 million and 11.28 million severally. The ORG has estimated that the figure of child labour is closer to 44 million. Harmonizing to U.N. , 55 % of the work force in India is made up of child labour. It is usually seen that employers do non ever supply accurate informations on kid labour in order to safeguard themselves from legal fusss. It was pointed out in the World Conference on Children that the figure of child labour in the universe is about 25 crore, out of which the maximal figure about 10 crore is found in India entirely. It is estimated that about 7.5 crore are engaged in rural countries while staying 2.5 crore are employed in urban countries. Alarmed at this critical job, ILO has besides estimated that India entirely account s for one 4th of entire child labour of the universe. Childlabor is rampant across the state. Children can be seen working in agricultural Fieldss, rug and durri industries, biri, handcraft, lucifer box, glass and bracelet industries, in eating houses and as domestic retainers. It is estimated that 30 per cent of child labour is engaged in agribusiness and allied activities, 30 to 35 per centum in industries and staying are engaged in excavation, tea gardens and hotels etc. These businesss are risky, doing terrible physical harm to them and therefore suppressing their mental, moral and societal development. These child labourers become prey to many fatal diseases, like T.B. , Cancer, Asthma, lungs and tegument related diseases. The sad predicament of child labour is depicted by Sudha and Tiwari in these words, It is truly sad to observe that kids in most of the development states are populating suffering, depressing lives, laboring unendlessly to guard off famishment, wholly deprived of all amenitiess and chances for self growing and d evelopment. Poverty, unemployment, traditional attitude, marginalisation of farms, urbanisation, deficiency of schools, reluctance of parents to direct their kids to schools are the factors responsible for the job of kid labor. In fact, poorness is seen as the major factor responsible for this job. Poor parents barely have clip for their kids because they are all the clip fighting for staff of life and butter. They are non in a place to carry through their duties towards kids. In world, the kids are supposed to be the excess earning custodies, instead than excess oral cavities to feed. Children are made to work at a really immature age. Stressing this factor, the study of the Committee on Child Labor commented, Stronger than tradition is the factor of chronic poorness responsible for the prevalence and prolongation of kid labour . In hapless households, the kid, since his really appearance in this universe, is endowed with an economic mission.The kid is compelled to cast perspiration of forehead to maintain the wolf off from the door . Large sized households are besides held responsible for this job. Again, most of the workers are engaged in non organized sector. The insufficiency of rewards in this sector compels these workers to direct their kids on work to supplement their income. Availability of child labour at lower rewards besides motivates the employers to use them. The employment of the kid labour non merely reduces the cost of production but besides provides entree to that labour which is unresisting and unorganised. As a consequence of this tendency, the rewards of other grownup workers decline, big unemployment additions and that paves manner for the poorness. Nurse s barbarous circle of poorness explains the phenomenon of kid labour clearly. Therefore, child labour is an development of kid by the vested involvements. On the one side, there is irresistible impulse of hapless parents and on the other side ; the unresponsive attitude of specific industries is besides responsible for this job. The state of affairs of kid labourers in India is despairing. Children work for eight hours at a stretch with merely a little interruption for repasts. The repasts are besides economical and the kids are sick nourished. Most of the migratory kids, who can non travel place, sleep at their work topographic point, which is really bad for their wellness and development. Seventy five per centum of Indian population still resides in rural countries and are really hapless. Children in rural households who are ailing with poorness perceive their kids as an income bring forthing resource to supplement the household income. Parents sacrifice their kids s instruction to carry through the basic demands of their younger siblings and see them as pay earners for the full household. Irrelevance of instruction in practical life is besides considered an of import factor for this job. It is justly pointed out, A secondary ground for kid labour is that many kids choose to work because neither they nor their poorness afflicted households see the point of geting an instruction which has small relevancy to their lives and which furthermore does non vouch them a occupation. They prepare to undergo some sort of apprenticeship so that they can larn a accomplishment and gain money at the same clip . These kids are deprived of their childhood. The chances of acquiring good instruction and good occupations become a distant dream for them. Therefore, the parents, society a nd the province are responsible for this condemnable unfairness with the hereafter citizens. Childs are flowers of our national garden they should be nurtured with love and fondness so that ; they grow into responsible and antiphonal citizens. Child labor has of import demographic and social-economic deductions for developing states like India. Many commissariats have been made in the fundamental law of the state to advance the public assistance and development of kids. Under Article 29 of the fundamental law, no kid below the age of 14 can be deployed in any risky work. Article 23 prohibits forced labor. The chapter IV of theIndian fundamental law references specific waies related to the public assistance of kids. In Article 39, it is made obligatory for the provinces to explicate constabularies in such a manner so that the healthy development of kids can be ensured. To safeguard the involvements of these deprived kids, assorted Torahs have been enacted in the state. Many statute laws have been passed to forestall the employment of kids in risky businesss and to better their on the job conditions. Many policies have besides been formulated for the healthy and balanced development of kids. In the same manner, there are of import statute laws which provide legal protection to child labor in India. Some of them are following: 1. Child ( Pledging of labor ) . Act ( Government of India, 1933 ) 2. The Employment of Children Act ( Government of India, 1938 ) 3. The Minimum rewards Act, 1948 4. The mills Act, 1948 5. The Plantation Labour Act, 1951 6. The Mines Act, 1952 7. The Merchant Shipping Act, 1958 8. The Motor Transport Workers Act, 1961 9. The Apprentices Act, 1961 10. The Bedi and Cigar Workers Act, 1966 11. State Shops and Establishment Acts, 12. Harmonizing to the National Policy for kids, 1974, no kid under 14 old ages can be engaged in any risky business. It is besides laid down in the policy that kids should be protected against disregard, inhuman treatment and development. Again, the Child Labour ( Prohibition and Regulation ) Act was initialed in 1986 to censor kids s employment in 70 risky businesss. National Child Labour Project ( NCLP ) was besides launched by Labour Ministry in 1988 to rehabilitate working kids. In Oct, 2006, the Government has passed statute law to censor the employment of kids below 14 old ages in eating houses, hotels, tea-stalls, restaurants and as domestic labourers. India has besides become a signer to assorted international declarations and understandings to modulate the threat of child labor. So, it has become obligatory for the state to set about the steps to extinguish the flagellum of kid labor which has assumed serious proportions in recent old ages. Many policies have been formulated for the healthy and balanced development of kids. The Government has launched Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, Mid Day Meal Scheme, Education Guarantee programme etc to convey the kid labor under the umbrella of instruction. Non Governmental Organizations were besides permitted to open residential schools for these kids to convey them back to the mainstream of the society. Residential and particular schools have besides been setup for the instruction of child labour. In 2006 the Government has introduced Integrated Child Development services aimed at supplying a bundle of services dwelling of auxiliary nutrition, immunisation, wellness look into up and instruction and non-formal instruction. In malice of acceptance and execution of assorted policies, Torahs and programmes by the authorities straight or indirectly, the job of kid labour is still gazing at us. Due to ignorance, illiteracy and economic irresistible impulses of the hapless households, these Torahs are evaded at different topographic points at different points of clip. Weak enforcement machinery, small information related to child labour Torahs and curious socio-economic conditions are besides the factors responsible for the turning away of Torahs related to kids. To look into the job of kid labor, it is indispensable to eliminate the threat of poorness by bettering agribusiness sector, supplying employment to unemployed custodies at minimal rewards, set uping agro-processing units in rural countries. Rigorous steps should besides be taken to do employment coevals and poorness obliteration programs effectual and successful and corruptness free. In the same manner, population control steps and other medical installations must be provided to the hapless subdivision of the state. Adequate school installations, proviso of dark schools, betterment in school environment and course of study of instruction can besides lend a batch in work outing this critical job. National Commission for Protection of Child Rights ( NCPCR ) should besides guarantee that reclaimed kid laborers do non return to work. So every attempt must be made for the repatriation of rescued kid laborers to their native topographic points. Poverty, unemployment and illiteracy are the premier grounds responsible for this job. So attempts must be made to eliminate these causes. Monetary inducements and income bring forthing assets must be provided to hapless households so that they are non compelled to direct their kids to work. It is indispensable to counterbalance the households of those kids who are being withdrawn from work force. A strong socio-political environment must be achieved with the active cooperation of people, society, and non authorities organisation. NGOs must actuate the parents to supply instruction, wellness attention and accomplishment development installations to their kids. Particular schools may be set up for the kid labour so they can get minimal makings. In the same manner, specific schemes must be evolved maintaining in head the nature of work in which the kid is presently engaged. Therefore, a joint attempt of authorities, NGOs and society is required to work out this critical job. We should seek to strike at the root cause of this critical job. Attempts should be made to alter the attitude and mentality of the people towards their kids. We should neer bury that today s kids are tomorrow s citizen. If this critical job is non tackled desperately, we can good conceive of the hereafter of our state in the yearss to come. 1

A Global Language English Language Essay

A Global Language English Language Essay A  global language,  is a  language  spoken internationally, which is learned by many people as a  second language, the most popular one being English. A wide range of the lexical units in the English language were taken from German, Latin, French and other European countries. A large portion of the word borrowing uses as main source the French language justifying English language affinity for foreign words as well as mixed vocabulary. Crystal D. (2003: 7-10) argues that Languages have a strong relation between dominance and cultural power. The main reason that the languages exist is because of a strong power-base, political and military or economic. Linguists argues whether the simplicity of the English language is the main reason of it becoming a global language. Generally, nothing is considered to be easy. It generally depends on who the learner is. Ellis suggested that success depends on the learner and not on the language that one is learning. Some factors that have a significant role in making a person learn a foreign language are his motivation, age, aptitude, cognitive style and personality. While learning another language one can observe that some languages appear to be more difficult than others. There are some languages that have almost the same patterns or similar soundings of the words which make them simpler to remember and learn. For example Greek has many similar words with Italian. However, there are languages that have a rough pronunciation or spelling and they are not similar to any other languages, like for example German. English is a very effective language, that it is proved by the many native and non-native speakers all over the world. According to David Crystal (2003) â€Å"Statistics suggest that nearly a quarter of the world’s population is already fluent or content in English†. For example, Chinese has more native speakers, however it is a more complicated language in terms of grammar, verbs, meaning of the w ords, etc. However, some linguists have different points of view as to weather a language becoming global depends on the number of people speaking it . Crystal D. (2002: 7-10) claims that †Why a language becomes a global language has little to do with the number of people who speak it†. Furthermore, English can help one to express various meanings. That is happening because English language not only has a lot of words with different meanings but also has various different types of syntax which help the speakers to be more accurate and to give more emphasis to a particular point if it is needed. Another interesting point is that the writing of English language is simple. There are even languages that have hundreds of letters in their alphabets that could have a different meaning when pronounced differently, like Chinese. The Roman alphabet is considered to be very easy to learn and surely much easier than the Chinese writing system which is very difficult for most people. Moreover, the Roman alphabet in English language is very phonetic, rather than character based, hence it can help to describe the actual sounds of words or phrases.

Central Engineering and Research Group (CERG) Essay

Central Engineering and Research Group (CERG) - Essay Example This approach means a move from a traditional 'control' type approach which accepts, implicitly, that defects will occur. Joseph M. Juran proposes the tools of control including the Bell system of sampling, the Shewhart control charts and inspection plans. These models could be successfully applied to CERG, but they will be replaced by modern theories of quality and cost control. The human dimension (training, education, cultural diversity management) proposed by Juran helps to motivate and inspire employees. For CERG, Juran's human approach help to create continuous motivation to achieve quality improvements, supported by appropriate education and training. Place emphasis on education will affect attitudes and motivation to achieving quality improvements. Also, Juran identified such threats as resistance to change and cultural resistance as important areas of concern. If staff are informed of changes, are encouraged to adopt a positive attitude and have personal involvement in the implementation of the change, there is a greater likelihood of their acceptance of the change (Beckford, 2002). Juran applied the Japanese philosophy on quality into Western management practices emphasizing the role of human resources and control. New quality programs should comprise a quality plan which offers a structured, disciplined approach to quality and incorporates a numbe r of tools and techniques. Particular emphasis is given to the collection and analysis of information and to employee training. It is culturally based with involvement as a core philosophy. W. Edwards Deming identifies '14 Points' which have a great impact on productivity and profitability of the company. His theory is based on process orientation which means a product quality throughout production. "It is not enough to just do your best or work hard. You must know what to work on" (Beckford, 2002). Deming creates a four step approach to quality and productivity which can be applied to CERG: plan-do-check-act. Also, he introduced Statistical Quality Control. This theory cannot be applied to CERG, bit it can be used by other departments in order to support CERG activity and increase output. Customer orientation is important for CERG, so the quality program should apply quality control principles to design/specification activities to formalize the mechanism for ensuring that customer requirements are incorporated (Arogyaswamy, Simmons, 1993). Philip Crosby marked a new era in quality management and control. His concept, "doing it right the first time" (DIRTFT), is successfully used by different industries and companies. The main principles of quality include: (1) quality is conformance to requirements; (2) the management system is prevention; (3) the performance standard is zero defects; (4) the measurement system is the cost of quality. CERG can use these principles as a core of quality philosophy. Following Crosby, quality is based on goals, measurements, and cash incentives for employees and management. It also has some aspects of quality circles. In order to make the program work, CERG should introduce: a motivational package, a prevention package (reducing management controlled defects), procedures to provide for feedback. Within CERG, low motivation results in high level of mistakes and 'defects'. For this reason, these elements of zero defects and the cost of qualit

Why is stress such a major concern for employers today Essay

Why is stress such a major concern for employers today - Essay Example People, who can take it as an opportunity or challenge, can improve their performances and make a mark. The different factors that cause stress are known as stressors. The environmental stressors include economic, political and technological changes. Organisational structure is always influenced by economic environment of the country and this has been more closely realised in the current global financial turmoil. Because of economic slowdown in most of the developed nations, organisations have been forced to change their structure in the form of cost reduction, halting production and most importantly reducing employee strength by lay off or even permanent job cuts. This has created immense stress on employees. Their anxiousness gone to extreme high as their job security declined. Organisations are often forced to change their structure because of various political reasons. When a country is politically restless, organisational structure also becomes unstable because of that. For an instance, when East Germany integrated to West Germany many people were under stress of loosing job, changing organisational culture etc. Another important environmental factor is technological change. In this advanced age of information, everyday a new technology is getting invented. Because of these new technological inventions, an employee’s skill or experience might become obsolete at a very short period of time. Consequently, a person might come under huge stress of loosing importance in the current system of operation. Some times implementation of new technology in organisation leads to even reduction in number of employees if few of them found not suited for that new platform. These things make employees to come under huge mental stress. Role demands include the pressure of performing a job which the person is not supposed to do, when the role itself is not clear to the

12 Billion Pounds NHS Computer Scheme Project Essay

12 Billion Pounds NHS Computer Scheme Project - Essay Example The IT system was integrated and new medical systems was enabled at individual hospitals. The NHS started as one of the largest public healthcare system implementation, which was needed for improving the overall service of the health care industry. Mintzberg et al (2005, p.8) comment ‘Strategy is a pattern, that is, consistency in behaviour over time. A company that perpetually markets the most expensive products in its industry pursues what is commonly called a high-end strategy, just as a person who always accepts the most challenging of jobs may be described as pursuing a high-risk strategy.’ The Project Management Process and Planning If the organization moves from simple system to complex, its environment and a number of other aspects needed to be modified. Employee and staff relationship is also important in this regard where the new relationships, departments and new skills are defined (Appleton, 1999). Change leads to resistance and confusion (Glover et al., 1999 ). The â€Å"Connecting for health† was the brand name given for automating and integrating the heath care service in UK. The plan was to automate a range of functions, including mundane services such as enabling members to use online system to making book appointments having their GPs (general practitioners). Clinically sensitive functions such as maintaining patient records and managing scans were part of the project. The whole system already posed a range of software system, which achieved few functions but these systems were not integrated fully. The common model for implementation involved questions such as What are we trying to accomplish? How we consider change is an improvement What changes can be achieved for improvement The project implementation processes involves - Study, Plan, Act and Do. The project lifecycle of NHS was determined through gateways such as the following- Strategic assessment (The earliest stage was to set up the business strategies and to make th e initial feasibility study) Business justification (After the development of program brief and business case, the business justification was identified, which requires detailed analysis of the project, capital investments, cash flow, operating expenditure such as salaries, maintenance materials, lease and revenue) Delivery strategy The investment decision Readiness for service (The project manager opts for implementation method for minimizing changes and improving coordination with interfaces from different stakeholders and suppliers is determined) Assessment of project, operational review and benefit realisation (The project should be able to provide benefits for decades) The security system of the project was developed with the help of Spine, which is the provider of security, and security measures were also compiled in the early stage of development. Wells (1996, p. 80) states ‘Sub organizations should create lower-level measurement plans that link with the corporate strat egic measurement plan. If the sub-organization has a separate strategic plan, then it will also need a separate strategic measurement plan. If the sub organization’s strategic plan starts at the strategy or objective level, it needs to have measures that link directly to the corporate strategic measurements. In the event that only a few measures can be linked, the sub organization should create additional strategic measurements that better describe its outcomes.’ The portfolio approach has been adopted by the project management teams for managing software development risk (McFarlan, 1981). Prior to this, risk was only considered from the technological perspective (Anderson and Narasumhan, 1979) and from the software development view (Barki, et al. 1993). For IT implementation the project should

A world of whose making - Economic Interdependence and Political Order Essay

A world of whose making - Economic Interdependence and Political Order - Essay Example A world of whose making - Economic Interdependence and Political Order These advantages cannot be transferred from one economy to the other, and therefore countries aim to use the advantages they have for producing goods with relative competence. This provides an insight into the reasons for countries like Japan and U.S. to develop their technology with relative efficiencies. When countries produce a specific good with comparative efficiency, they may not focus on the production of other goods. As a result, they would have to trade their goods with other countries. This is the argument buttressed by the theory of comparative advantage (Madura 2008). The theory provides an insight into the dynamics of the international trade and helps to show how trade provides advantages to the trading parties (D'Anieri 2009). The theory of comparative advantage in economics refers to the concept of production of goods and services at a lesser cost than that produced by another country. The country has a margin of superiority in the goods produced; this pertains to the notion that the opportunity cost of the goods produced by one country is less than that in the other country. David Ricardo was the developer of the basic theory of comparative advantage. He was of the view that absolute advantage is a subset of the more general theory. After Ricardo, a number of theorists furthered and developed the theory of comparative advantage including Heckscher, Ohlin and Samuelson. The theory projected the facts that different countries have varying factor endowments of labor, land and capital input. Countries are going to prefer the production of those products which extensively use the factors of productions with the greatest endowment (Tutor2u 2011). This follows that if the countries gain advantage by specializing in these goods, there will be an increase in the total output and economic welfare. This holds credibility even when one nation may have an absolute advantage over the other country. One of the assumptions which constitute the theory of compara tive advantage is that there is perfect occupational mobility of the factors of production. This means that the resources of one industry can be transferred to another without significant loss of efficiency. The theory also assumes that there should be constant returns to scale; a proportionate increase in the inputs leads to an equal increase in the outputs. There are no externalities surfacing from production and consumption. Also transportation costs are not taken into consideration. Increased returns are a product of specialization and the idea was put forward by Paul Romer and Paul Ormerod. If businesses take advantage from increasing returns to scale, the gains from the trade are more. There is no transport costs associated with comparative advantage. Costs do not vary and economies of scale are not present. There are two economies producing and trading homogenous goods. Moreover the trade carried out between the two countries is not impeded by trade barriers. Also the buyers and sellers have perfect knowledge and the buyers are able to trace down the cheapest goods available in the market (AC Mulligan n.d.). Comparative advantage is not a static concept; rather it keeps changing. Businesses may have had comparative advantage in a market in one product for years in a row. However the gains made during this period may suddenly be at stake as new competitors enter the market. The contribution of Ricardo in the basic theory of

Issues of Trust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Issues of Trust - Essay Example By developing effective pedagogical strategic plan of fully engagement of culturally diversified parents towards the learning process, which avoids any events that can be interpreted as discrimination of the low-income CLD families. I will foster collaborative decision-making, which is made hard by less active parents in the school by involving parents, family and the community will ensure that all students’ needs are met without racial, culture, and level of income discrimination. The focus of the engagement is to enhance collaboration and testing the response from different cultures in my school, which will help in coming up with universal goals towards representing students from diverse backgrounds. Promoting more effective and efficient federal policies guarantees equal opportunities for all CLD families irrespective of their race, gender, culture, or socio-economic status; hence, this is a practice that I will engage in to provide a culturally responsible teaching environment. The policies will be published after gathering extensive information from all families including low-income CLD families, which will enhance the accomplishment of a collaborative governance of the teaching process free from criticism. The policies have to address all differences that arise from CLD families, stipulating considerations of the special attention required by the low-income families, which ensures that all students receive quality service. This is to ensure that what I offer in the curriculum would be my move to ensure that I foster a strong nous of a culturally responsive learning environment for culturally and linguistically diversified students. This is a practice that I believe plays an important role in enhancing collaborative ties in a school despite the cultural differences. I will put measures to promote consistent communication ensures that students develop self-empowerment regardless of their cultural

12 Billion Pounds NHS Computer Scheme Project Essay

12 Billion Pounds NHS Computer Scheme Project - Essay Example The IT system was integrated and new medical systems was enabled at individual hospitals. The NHS started as one of the largest public healthcare system implementation, which was needed for improving the overall service of the health care industry. Mintzberg et al (2005, p.8) comment ‘Strategy is a pattern, that is, consistency in behaviour over time. A company that perpetually markets the most expensive products in its industry pursues what is commonly called a high-end strategy, just as a person who always accepts the most challenging of jobs may be described as pursuing a high-risk strategy.’ The Project Management Process and Planning If the organization moves from simple system to complex, its environment and a number of other aspects needed to be modified. Employee and staff relationship is also important in this regard where the new relationships, departments and new skills are defined (Appleton, 1999). Change leads to resistance and confusion (Glover et al., 1999 ). The â€Å"Connecting for health† was the brand name given for automating and integrating the heath care service in UK. The plan was to automate a range of functions, including mundane services such as enabling members to use online system to making book appointments having their GPs (general practitioners). Clinically sensitive functions such as maintaining patient records and managing scans were part of the project. The whole system already posed a range of software system, which achieved few functions but these systems were not integrated fully. The common model for implementation involved questions such as What are we trying to accomplish? How we consider change is an improvement What changes can be achieved for improvement The project implementation processes involves - Study, Plan, Act and Do. The project lifecycle of NHS was determined through gateways such as the following- Strategic assessment (The earliest stage was to set up the business strategies and to make th e initial feasibility study) Business justification (After the development of program brief and business case, the business justification was identified, which requires detailed analysis of the project, capital investments, cash flow, operating expenditure such as salaries, maintenance materials, lease and revenue) Delivery strategy The investment decision Readiness for service (The project manager opts for implementation method for minimizing changes and improving coordination with interfaces from different stakeholders and suppliers is determined) Assessment of project, operational review and benefit realisation (The project should be able to provide benefits for decades) The security system of the project was developed with the help of Spine, which is the provider of security, and security measures were also compiled in the early stage of development. Wells (1996, p. 80) states ‘Sub organizations should create lower-level measurement plans that link with the corporate strat egic measurement plan. If the sub-organization has a separate strategic plan, then it will also need a separate strategic measurement plan. If the sub organization’s strategic plan starts at the strategy or objective level, it needs to have measures that link directly to the corporate strategic measurements. In the event that only a few measures can be linked, the sub organization should create additional strategic measurements that better describe its outcomes.’ The portfolio approach has been adopted by the project management teams for managing software development risk (McFarlan, 1981). Prior to this, risk was only considered from the technological perspective (Anderson and Narasumhan, 1979) and from the software development view (Barki, et al. 1993). For IT implementation the project should

Issues of Trust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Issues of Trust - Essay Example By developing effective pedagogical strategic plan of fully engagement of culturally diversified parents towards the learning process, which avoids any events that can be interpreted as discrimination of the low-income CLD families. I will foster collaborative decision-making, which is made hard by less active parents in the school by involving parents, family and the community will ensure that all students’ needs are met without racial, culture, and level of income discrimination. The focus of the engagement is to enhance collaboration and testing the response from different cultures in my school, which will help in coming up with universal goals towards representing students from diverse backgrounds. Promoting more effective and efficient federal policies guarantees equal opportunities for all CLD families irrespective of their race, gender, culture, or socio-economic status; hence, this is a practice that I will engage in to provide a culturally responsible teaching environment. The policies will be published after gathering extensive information from all families including low-income CLD families, which will enhance the accomplishment of a collaborative governance of the teaching process free from criticism. The policies have to address all differences that arise from CLD families, stipulating considerations of the special attention required by the low-income families, which ensures that all students receive quality service. This is to ensure that what I offer in the curriculum would be my move to ensure that I foster a strong nous of a culturally responsive learning environment for culturally and linguistically diversified students. This is a practice that I believe plays an important role in enhancing collaborative ties in a school despite the cultural differences. I will put measures to promote consistent communication ensures that students develop self-empowerment regardless of their cultural

ROAD TO AMIRS REDEMPTION Essay Example for Free

ROAD TO AMIRS REDEMPTION Essay ROAD TO AMIRS REDEMPTION In a lifetime, everyone will face personal battles and guilt, some large and some small. Such as guilt over sneaking out, not doing homework, or telling your parents a little white lie. People find peace of mind through redeeming themselves, in other words, we do something that makes up for the cause of guilt. Khaled Hosseinis novel The Kite Runner revolves around betrayal and redemption. Redemption is the act of saying or being saved from sin, error or evil, which the main character Amir seems to need the most. Amir lives with the guilt he has built up over the years because of one incident from his childhood. Amirs fathers words still echo through his head A boy who wont stand up for himself becomes a man who cant stand up to anything. –pg. 24 Although Amir destroyed the lives of many people, and he has had more than one opportunity to redeem himself of his guilt, he is not the selfish little boy he once was. How often does one stop and think, How will this affect everyone else in my life? Amir had a chance in the alley, to put Hassan first and change the path of both their lives, but he made the decision to turn around and run because it was what he thought was best for him: I had one last chance to make a decision. One final opportunity to decide who I was going to be. I could step into that alley, stand up for Hassan – the way hed stood up for me all those times in the past – and accept whatever would happen to me. Or I could run. In the end, I ran. I ran because I was a coward. I was afraid of Assef and what he would do to me. I was afraid of getting hurt. Thats what I told myself as I turned my back to the alley, to Hassan. Thats what I made myself believe. I actually aspired to cowardice, because the alternative, the real reason I was running, was that Assef was right: Nothing was free in this world. Maybe Hassan was the price I had to pay, the lamb I had to slay, to win Baba. –pg.77 Amirs selfish ways were a result of the lack of his fathers affection in his life. As a young boy, he was forced to deal with his fathers disinterest in him, which made him incredibly jealous of Hassan. Amir could not understand at the time, why his father adored his servants son more  than his own son. As the tension increases between Amir and Hassan, Amir can no longer stand to see Hassan everyday because of what Amir had not stopped and he could not bare seeing his father showing Hassan love and not him. Hassan and his father are forced to leave their home after Amir places his watch under Hassans pillow and accuses him of stealing it. Hassan did not even deny the accusations because he had figured out what Amir was doing. Hassan knew. He knew I had betrayed him and yet he was rescuing me once again, maybe for the last time. –pg.111 Even after the alleged theft of the watch, Amirs father is willing to forgive Hassan, which stunned Amir, and made him see that the love his father has for Hassan is greater than he imagined. Amir did not just ruin Hassans life; he also ruined the lives of many people with his decisions after the incident in the alley. Baba lost a chance to watch his son, Hassan, grow up and also lost the chance to bring him to America so he could start a new life. Sohrab lost both his parents to war because they were still living in Afghanistan, lost his childhood to war, and tried to commit suicide as a result of Amir going back on his promise to keep him safe from orphanages. Soraya lost her right to the truth when Amir kept his past a secret even though she opened up to him about hers. It is one thing to destroy your own life with guilt, but it is a completely different issue when you destroy the lives of others. Before Amir can go on the road to redemption, Amir must realize that he cant go back and change what he has done as a child, and he must find inner peace. Although if it was not for Amirs actions as a child, Sohrab never would have needed to be saved in the first place but by saving Sohrab, the last piece of Hassans life, does make a difference. From the moment he chose to turn his back on Hassan, there were many chances where Theres a way to be good again –pg.238 for all his wrongdoings, but he chose not to take any of these. Sohrab was his last and only chance for redemption. I have a wife in America, a home, a career and a family. But how could I pack up and go back home when my actions may have cost Hassan a chance at those very same things? And what Rahim Khan revealed to me changed things. Made me see how my entire life, long before the winter of 1975, dating back to when that singing Hazara woman was still nursing me, had been a cycle of lies betrayals and secrets. –pg.238 Amir admits that he cost Hassan a chance at a good life and that he had many opportunities to change the outcome of Hassans life. But at this moment he realized he could lose everything he has built in America, but for the first time in his life, Amir did not care about only himself, he came to terms with what he had done, and he was ready to redeem himself at any cost. Amir finally became the man who stood up for himself and his sins. Throughout his childhood, Amir looked for his fathers affection and he never could get it. His father had said Im telling you, Rahim, there is something missing in that boy. –pg.24 Amirs father would have been proud of him at this very moment because that was all he had wanted from him. The guilt that was built over the years was finally put to rest at the safety of Sohrab. In Afghanistan when Amir stood up for Sohrab and Assef aggressively beat him up, Amir had said My body was broken—just how badly I wouldnt find out until later—but I felt healed. Healed at last. I laughed. –pg.289 which showed Amir had come to terms with what he had done as a child and was finally felt relieved. Although he was getting beat up, it did not matter anymore, he just wished he had stood up to Assef years ago, and maybe he would have earned his redemption in that alley.

International Crime Statistics In Japanese Society Criminology Essay

International Crime Statistics In Japanese Society Criminology Essay International crime statistics indicate that the crime rates for most offences are significantly lower in Japan compared to those among Western European nations. To what extent could the relatively low Japanese crime rate be explained in terms of the social organisation of Japanese society?   When looking at comparative criminology, Japan is a good example. This is because the majority of the criminal justice system in Japan is borrowed from other countries and then adapted to fit in well with Japans cultural traditions. They look at the fundamentals of social institutions from other countries and adapt them to fit in with their heritage. By comparing and looking at the systems in other countries it can help to establish an appropriate and useful way of carrying out their justice systems. The increase in the economy in Japan in the 1980s and 90s drew interest from business people around the world. Also, along with this there was interest with justice officials on the success with Japan on responding to the crime problem. However, the accomplishments must be seen in light with its cultural heritage. Japans criminal justice system is interesting as they have successfully provided an effective response into the crime problem and have also adopted the guidelines and methods of the criminal justice systems in other countries to fit in with their own. I will be looking at informal social methods of control as this contributes greatly in keeping the crime rate low in Japan. The following statistics show crime rates in Japan compared with other western European countries: The Sixth United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems between 1995 and 1997 showed that in 1995 the total crimes recorded in Japan stood at 1,421 per 100,000 population compared with 8,168 in Germany and 4,331 in Switzerland (UNCJIN, 19th January 2001). Finch (2001) found, using statistics from the Heisei 0nen no Hanzai, that in 1994 the Japanese homicide rate stood at 1.0 (per 100,000 population) while France stood at 4.7 and the UK at 2.7. The 2005 survey showed that Japan had a corruption rating of 6.9 compared with 8.6 in the UK (Transparency International, 2005). It is thought that the decline of crime has been linked with the decline in the increase of population due to post-war industrialization and the continuing urbanisation and the fact that there were fewer younger children. In spite of this, there has been an increase in crime since industrialization and urbanisation in western countries.  This then shows that it does not explain that post war industrialization and urbanisation is the reason for the decline in crime in Japan. Japan has  changed in a similar way to western countries in this sense but the difference is that Japan has not undergone the same cultural transformations.    Although Japan is not a rich country it has become an industrial giant since World War 2. It is the only non-western country that has become industrialised and they export a number of products. The Japanese saw how expanding and becoming more industrialised would have a positive impact on their economy. They have been successful because of their competitive spirit. This style is rooted in the traditional cohesiveness of society marked by a sense of conformity and uniformity. This can then explain why a lot more attention is focused on the group rather than the individual. (Reischauer 1977) explains that the reliance upon the group is illustrated in a number of ways. For example, a person is valued more as a member of the team rather than for contributing individually. So the Japanese are very competitive but not creative. Also, parental authority and family ties are stronger in Japan than in western societies however this is beginning to change. There are a lot of qualities that we consider that may have an impact on Japans successful criminal justice system and the impact that Japans cultural values may have on societys response and their criminal act. They are the most homogenous of people in the world as they have common history, language and race. Ninety nine per cent of its population is Japanese. By being a homogenous society it can help explain the low crime rate as they all share the common norms and have similar values. By the residents agreeing on what signifies being Japanese, social control becomes a lot easier as they have the same values and beliefs. However, this does not mean that homogeneity itself can explain the low crime rates as there are other examples worldwide where people all agree on the same norms and values yet there are still people that are not conforming to them.    Due to the lack of Christian heritage, individuals that are in Japan arent guilt ridden when they do something wrong as their culture doesnt believe in them sinning. However, having a sense of belonging has a huge impact on an individual in Japan. Deviant behaviour is considered a rejection of the social norms to which individuals are expected to conform to as they are part of the countrys tradition. As a result, if an individual does something wrong they would feel shame because they have violated the norms in society. Informal social control plays a huge part in Japanese society. In Japan this is applied to families, traditional religion, schools and work place. This method of informal social control is likely to be an important factor.   The way of the groups and family in Japanese society is that there is collective responsibility and that everyone sticks together. Although there is individualism it is different in a way that identity in Japan comes from the group that they belong to. Individualism in Japan comes from the individuals ability to produce, continue and guard relationships. Theres part of collectivism whereby everyone is attached, for instance school, family, employer. This tie between the groups then creates a sense of obligation towards each of them. This is good as it can provide emotional support however it can also bring a lot of shame when a member of the group misbehaves. Parents are an example of this as they are seen to be responsible and apologetic of the behaviour of a fully grown child. Self control is something which is learnt earlier on for the Japanese. Developing self control is the most important stage of socialization in Japan. This differs from western countries where educating a sense of self is more important. In Japan the main ways of socialization are families, schools and companies. The Family play a significant role in how their children behave. Individuals act within the limits of their family and community roles and are easily humiliated when deviating from them. There is a strong obligation to humour their family, community and their nation. The Japanese learn that the group is an important part of their wellbeing. Family is an important aspect and is opposite to how most individuals handle things in other countries. Bayley (1991) states that, American mothers chase their children around the block to get them to come home; Japanese mothers are chased by their children so as not to be left behind. This shows that Japanese children respect their mothers and actively seek out their attention. Individuals act within the limits of their family and community roles and are easily humiliated when deviating from them.    Japanese children are under strict discipline at home. Most importantly they are taught to adhere to parental authority and so they are driven by parental expectations. For this reason they are allowed to depend on their parents. Japanese children have always had a lot of body contact with their parents, being carried on their mothers back, taking baths with parents and sleeping with them till around the age of four or five. This differs from western society where children are taught to sleep in their own beds in their own rooms at an early age. Japanese children are therefore treated as big babies instead of small adults. Because of this Japanese children are very dependent on their parents. Bayley (1991) is clear to point this out when describing how in western countries parents control badly behaved children by keeping them grounded in the home whereas in Japan parents threaten children by saying they will be locked out of the home. From this children learn their punishment b y being excluded from the uchi world. In schools pupils are around a lot of school regulations.  Ã‚  Those who disobey these regulations are not only criticized by their teachers but also by their peers. Through the hidden curriculum Japanese pupils develop social control. Schools completely encourage informal social control. Pupils even fear asking teachers questions as they might be seen as revolting against the teacher. Also, Japanese pupils learn to not control selfish behaviour. They are taught this through small group activities such as cleaning. Pupils are also taught solidarity with the group and a shared responsibility for poor performance in the group. From this, Japanese pupils then learn that it is more appreciated to be part of a group rather than being alone as this is how it is in the  uchi  world. The Japanese companies are described as Gemeinschaft Capitalism (Mawby 1990.) This is because all the local communities dont have an impact on individuals in contemporary Japan but companies have replaced this instead. Companies provide a lot of benefits and a sense of belonging to a big family as well as a sense of pride. So the companies then offer ontological security. This then means that the worker then must follow the strong informal control by their company and if they do not do so then they will be psychologically excluded from their colleagues and the company which will mean losing the ontological security. The appreciation for hierarchal arrangements among people is another element of Japanese culture. Empey (1982) noted the importance of Americans distrust in the 1960s of their social institutions. However, the Japanese do not share this experience. Archambeault and Fenwick (1988) state that, group consciousness combines with a sense of order to force cooperative relationships between most segments of the Japanese community and their justice agencies. The respect of ones positions leads to citizens to honour and trust the justice system employees. Police courts and correction officials are seen as guardians of the societys morals as well as enforcers of the law. Because of the peoples faith in the agent of the system and the belief that decisions will be made according to what best serves society. The Japanese response to criminal offenders may differ to the response of other countries. Western countries seek rehabilitation by encouraging the offender to become independent and responsible whereas the Japanese system looks at encouraging the offender to integrate voluntarily into the structured social order. The Japanese see the community as the best place for getting the voluntary integration. Prison is not seen as a useful way of achieving rehabilitation and this explains why there is such a low incarceration rate in Japan. Japans way of policing is effective as they have a working relationship between the citizens and their services. Those from western countries may be troubled by some of the ways that the relationship between them works. For example, there is a residential survey that is conducted twice a year by Koban officers. Policing in western countries wouldnt do this as it would mean sharing personal and neighbourhood information with police officers. Also, Parker (1984) writes how Koban officers that are on patrol will enter homes that are unlocked and leave calling cards warning occupants about their poor crime prevention habits. This is because police behaviour in Japan reflects a moral norm just as much as a legal one.    Jury trial is a failure in Japan. As Shibahra says Japanese people prefer to be tried by a judge rather than by their neighbour. This is because the decisions of the jury may not be binding as the judge can disagree with it. The judge can then put the case before different jurys and so this is why in most cases defence councils go before the judge.   Another reason for the effectiveness of Japans criminal justice system is because Japanese citizens tend to admit to misbehaviour. Another way that looks at explaining the effectiveness of policing is how the police respond to civilians with encouragement and support.  Ã‚  As Bayley (1991) put it, the Japanese police and their citizens believe that each have to work through the other in order to make society a civil place to live. This support requires the police to place importance on non-enforcement activities and to  work together with people not just the ones that are breaking the law. This then results in service orientation which helps to explain the effectiveness in policing. Bayley (1991) also compares the policing in America with Japan. An American policeman is like a fireman he responds when he must. A Japanese policeman is more like a postman; he has a daily round of low key activities that relate him to the lives of the people among whom he works Japan is unique because of its low incarceration rate. This is surprising as it has the same objectives as most other countries, rehabilitation and retribution. Although they have similar aims, Japan is different in how they meet that aim. The majority of western countries try to solve rehabilitation by encouraging individualism whereas Japan looks at social responsibility.   Although the success of the economy in Japan was an achievement they also had another by having a falling crime rate. The western countries believed that because of industrialisation and urbanization that this was the cause of the rising crime rate. Since the World War 2 the crime rate has continued to increase whereas in Japan they have experienced a falling crime rate in the same time. Japan has two different types of norm. One deals with members of the group where an individual belongs and the other deals with non members of the group where the individual belongs. The first consists of giri (Japanese traditional duty) but the later appears to be more like western concepts of rights. This combination is Japanese perception of social environment which can be represented as two concentric circles. The inner circle called uchi (home) and the outer circle called yoso (elsewhere). When the police catch criminals 99 percent of the time offenders that come before a judge are convicted and 99 percent of those that are convicted are sent to prison. The statistics can be misleading as informal controls are used at each stage regardless of the formal terminology. Although this does seem impressive around half of the 99 per cent convicted have their prison sentence suspended and a lot of the time the offenders arent even placed in supervision. Japanese houses are small and are built on narrow streets close to each other. This makes operating social control systems and recognising deviant behaviour easier as everyone in the community is known and it becomes hard to hide. Today you would see patrol cars being used as a modern way of policing but Japan doesnt agree with this method. Instead they believe in the deployment system of Koban. One fifth of patrol officers work in patrol cars whereas the remaining four fifths operate from Koban. The Japanese citizens favour the Koban and where there is a lot of congestion in cities it means that the Koban officers on foot or bicycle would be able to beat patrol cars to scenes where police response is needed. The services that are provided by the Koban and their officers reflect community policing. One of the major strengths with policing in Japan is the police box system. These boxes are staffed by an officer who lives in the resource with his family and becomes a part of the community. The residents have to be registered with the local stations. Officers frequently do home visits and even provide general assistance.   In order to answer the question on how the low crime rate can be explained in terms of the social organisation in Japan we have found that a lot of contributions are the cause of this. Japan has successfully taken laws from different counties and has adapted it to fit in with their own society. Also we have learnt that informal social control plays a huge part in Japanese society and can be the answer to why there is such a low crime rate in Japan. In Japan, individuals tend to feel more at home within a group be it at home with a family or with their peers in school or at work. They fear expulsion from these groups if they were to deviate from the norms and so are less likely to commit a crime. Referencing Adler, F. (1983) Nations Not Obsessed With Crime, Colorado: Fred Rothan Co.. Braithwaite, J. (1989) Crime, Shame and Reintegration, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CIVITAS (http://www.civitas.org.uk/crime/crimestats6.php) European Institute for Crime Prevention and Cntrol (http://www.heuni.fi/Etusivu/Publications/1266333832841 Komiya, N. (1999) A Cultural Study of the Low Crime Rate in Japan, The British Journal of Criminology, Vol. 39 No.3. pp. 369-389. Miller, S., Kanazawa, S. (2000) Order by Accident: The Origins and Consequences of Conformity in Contemporary Japan. Oxford: Westview Press. Reichel, P. (1994) Comparative Criminal Justice Systems, New York: Prentice Hall.  Ã‚   Appendix: Module Handbook Reichel, Philip L. (1999).  Comparative criminal justice systems: a topical approach. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Sheptycki, J. W. E., 1960- Wardak, Ali. (2005).  Transnational and comparative criminology. London: GlassHouse. Terrill, Richard J. (1999).  World criminal justice systems: a survey. 4th ed. Cincinnati: Anderson Publishing.

A New Way to Educate Children Essay -- Papers

A New Way to Educate Children Rousseau lobbies against an educational system that tries to teach children concepts and facts before such time, as they would make use of them. He believes that a child should not neglect those studies, which meet his present needs, in order to learn that which he may acquire in later years. He claims that experience and emotion are our real teachers, thereby reinforcing the theory that a child should not be educated in matters which are not pertinent to their current station in life. He contends that a child should â€Å"remain in complete ignorance of those ideas which are beyond his grasp† (p686). In essence, Rousseau argues that the healthy spontaneous impulses of children were being repressed by the adult demands for emotional restraint, intellectual precision and social conformity as abdicated by the social and educational practices of his time. Rousseau constructs a theory of education, starting with the influence of the child's natural environment, which should prevail over the influence of society and social institutions. Rousseau advocates allowing children to grow and develop naturally, in direct opposition to the prevailing methods of teaching. Children should be encouraged to develop their faculties through experience. This forms the basis for his fundamental principle of education. Rousseau argues that to be of use to a child, a concept must be relevant to his age. Rousseau promotes involving the student in hands-on learning experiences, as opposed to the more traditional methods of instruction. Children pay little heed to verbal explanation, nor do they remember them in his opinion. He stresses the importance of discovery as a learning tool. Ideas that seem difficult at the ... ...nlightenment was that nothing was accepted on faith or face value and he expected no less from his students, he would demonstrate his teachings and not expect them to accept just a verbal description. Rousseau stressed that feeling and sentiment were two very important factors in the motivation of humankind. He emphasizes the need to live and develop in conformity with Nature. The child must be raised in a rural rather than an urban environment, so that he may develop in continuity with nature rather than in opposition to it. A child’s character will mature in harmony with nature if that child’s natural curiosity is allowed to develop unhindered by the corruption of society. All of Rousseau’s educational theories had roots in the enlightenment of the 18th century. Bibliography: A History of Western Civilization, McKay J.P. et al, Houghton, 1999

Essay --

This paper discusses Adam Smith's and David Ricardo's view on the labor theory of value. It includes a discussion of the validity of the arguments they present in relation to social and Economic contexts. To the pursuance of this objective, the paper has explored five published articles available both in the internet and as hand copies. The labor theory of trade supposes that the value of commodity comprises of the labor used in its production. Goods that consume equal amount of time should have the same cost. Adam smith stipulates that the amount of labor used in production of a commodity determines its exchange value in primitive society; however, this change in an advanced society since the exchange value includes the profit for the owner of capital. Ricardo argued that the value of a commodity is proportional to the amount of manual and mechanized labor used to produce it. Labor theory of value stipulates that the amount of labor needed and used in production of such commodity determines the value of a commodity. Other factors of production do not determine the value of a commodity except those factors that have labor elements. Adam Smith and David Ricardo are associated with the labor theory of trade. The Value in this regards refers to the amount of labor required in production of commodities. The Adam Smith theory of value asserts that a commodity worth is equal to the amount of labor it commands in others. This includes value in trade and value in use. Value in use refers to the utility of a commodity while the value in trade refers to the price in exchange of another commodity. Smith established that labor is the real measure of the price of all commodities. Some opponents of the labor theory of ... ...th little fixed capital, short life capital or with raw materials that have high turnover. Adam smith argues that the amount of labor used in production of a commodity determines its exchange value in a primitive society; however, this changes in an advanced society where the exchange value now includes the profit for the owner of capital. Ricardo’s theory is different from Smith's theory by excluding rent from the costs of production. Ricardo argues against Smith's theory because it only applies when wage is proportional to the amount of production equivalent to the amount of labor commanded and embodied. However, prices of commodities changes over time due to application of new production techniques; this leads to the increase of commodity prices over time. Ricardo points out that the value of a commodity is only equal to its cost of production in the long run.

I and Thou Essay

Present essay engages in critical examination of basic concepts, observations and ideas, created by famous Jewish writer and philosopher Martin Buber in his book ‘I and Thou’. Buber’s book is often mentioned as one of the major influences in Western philosophical literature of the 20th century. Specifically, the philosophy of dialogue, promoted by Buber resonated with and influenced similar contribution of such philosophers and critiques, as Levinas, Bakthtine, existentialist philosopher (Sartre) and others. Based on the analysis of Buber’s ideas and their general philosophical context of the time, present essay defends the thesis that Buber’s philosophy should be regarded as a utopian project, characterized by the idealist vision of human society and nature and inability to find solution to real social contradictions. I and Thou In his analysis of ‘I’ in contemporary world Buber focuses on classic tradition of the philosophy of consciousness, derived from Descartes and Kant. In this tradition ‘I’ is understood as pure subject of autonomous reason and ethical actions. The novelty of Buber’s contribution is that he tries to dialectically link individual ‘I’ with Other (Thou). Unlike earlier attempts of Hegel and Husserl, Buber’s attempt is characterized by deep influences of Judaism religious tradition. Basically, Buber conceptualizes the binary opposition of I and Thou as the source of any human relationships in the real world. In contrast to ‘I’ relationship with ‘It’ (an object), ‘I’ –‘Thou’ pair is characterized with intersection and exchange between different consciousness, both individual (human) and objective (God). God is referred to by Buber as Eternal Thou, one that constructs the firmest tie with ‘I’. ‘It’ – ‘It’ relationship is regarded by Buber as the relationship which may be measured by the quantity of the objects we have in our daily life (Buber, 34). This relationship is not intimate and conscious. In contrast, â€Å"I†-‘Thou† is a living relationship between people lasting as long as another person is present in physical proximity and consciousness. The presence of an individual near another individual automatically results in the exposition of ‘I’-‘Thou’ relationship even if it not perceived consciously. Spiritual relationship between different subjects (‘I’ and ‘Thou’) is the basic law of human existence in general. Buber tries to interpret this law using hermeneutic method. He argues that even in language, saying ‘Thou’ implies addressing your words and feelings to a given person and hence, ‘Thou’ can not be detached from consciousness – it constitutes its distinct part. Using example of a tree, Buber shows that notwithstanding our perspective, a tree would always be an Object for us, because it lacks consciousness: â€Å"I can subdue its actual presence and form so sternly that I recognize it only as an expression of law. † (Buber, 51). Buber argues that I-Thou relationship can not be properly explained – it is best explicated by the concept of Love, reflected in God. God become ‘Thou’ when he is directly spoken too. According to Buber, God is present in every aspect of human consciousness including arts, culture and music. Therefore, I-Thou relationship finds its outmost realization in the link between God and an Individual. Critique of Buber’s ideas Notwithstanding positive role of Buber’s ideas in the formation of 20-th century existentialism and humanist philosophy of Dialogue, one should point to crucial drawbacks and deficiencies of Buber’s ideas and approach. As it was noted in the introduction, it seems to us that Buber falls into the trap of idealism and utopianism in the explanation of real human relations. Moreover, his use of religious doctrine of Judaism in addressing real world relationships may also seem to modern researchers problematic. First of all, human relationships in Buber’s book are conceptualized through the prism of individual consciousness, an approach that was revolutionary in 18 and 19-th centuries, but significantly fell behind modern developments in social psychology, social and political sciences. Buber treats human relations at the level of individual consciousness, however, it contradicts empirical facts, which argue that individual behavior is mediated and influenced by cultural codes, traditions, institutions, such as family, law, working organization, education etc. To say that human relationships may be reduced to abstract notions of ‘I’ and ‘Thou’ means avoiding difficult issues of social roles, positions other factors. To say it plainly, in Buber’s concept ‘I’ is an abstract notion – it is not a real, historical human being, but rather a certain philosophical concept. Moreover, it seems problematic to argue that ‘I’ is pure in its will and thoughts. Psychoanalytic approach to human subjectivity vividly demonstrated that human consciousness is influenced by sub-conscious destructive forces, often unknown by an individual. There is no denying the importance of the fact, that Buber’s interpretation of ‘I’ –‘Thou’ relations as the concentration of love, attachment is also idealist in essence. Such interpretation fails to see national, class and gender contradiction, which divide different human beings. Religious interpretation of God as ‘Eternal Thou’ also seems controversial from scientific point of view. Buber argues that God is present in every sphere of human life, including literature, music and culture. However, these are created by men and hence, no role of God in their formation is evident. Moreover, it seems problematic to argue that God as perceived in Judaic tradition is the expression of love and intimateness. As Old Testament suggests, God was rather a protector of eternal laws, who punished people for non-abidance, rather than was a center of universal love. Notwithstanding these evident drawbacks and contradictions, one should point to crucial contribution of Buber’s book to Western philosophy. No matter how utopian and idealist, Buber’s philosophy proved to be particularly instrumental in the development of French existentialism and Russian school of literary critique. Buber’s perspective on world as an inter-subjective relationship found its further development in the philosophy of Sartre, Kamu and other French philosopher. Levinas used Buber’s philosophy of dialogue in the analysis oral speech and narrative language. Paralleling this development, Russian literary critique Bakthtine used Buber’s ideas in his analysis of Dostoevsky’s protagonists through the prism of their dialogical relations at the level of consciousness. The last, but not the least, it should be mentioned, that Buber’s concepts were the paramount of humanist philosophy in the 20th century. Notwithstanding their idealist and utopian nature they served as regulative ideas of behavior for several generations of intellectuals, including such renowned as Erich Fromm and Herbert Marcuse. To sum it up, Buber’s book â€Å"I and Thou’ provides modern researcher with new concepts and ideas, many of which seem controversial and paradoxical. Basic deficiencies found in Buber’s philosophy are linked with his utopianism and idealism and lack of attention to modern developments in social science, social psychology. The unnecessary reduction of human society to individual level makes it impossible to see a broader picture of inter-group relations and general social institutions role in human behavior. Notwithstanding these deficiencies, Buber’s book provides a source of interesting and thought-provocative reading.